{"id":"W4413200239","doi":"10.3102/ip.25.2187859","title":"Bifactor Model History: Unidimensionality Assumption and Group Factors. Does It Matter?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Group (periodic table); Computer science; Econometrics; Psychology; Mathematics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.07438583,0.002042814,0.003135997,0.002872395,0.005339413,0.007005828,0.004889627,0.003036142,0.0267974],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1876398,0.001364671,0.002958426,0.008336019,0.005338284,0.00852269,0.003435207,0.006188806,0.002930672],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003011957,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007037903,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04541204,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02844058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9513989,0.0369126,0.00131574,0.005599317,0.00364484,0.001128554],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8558602,0.1022514,0.006229093,0.02353043,0.01015683,0.001972037],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00111866,0.0003462465,0.160067,0.0007446905,0.004873004,0.000527893,0.005390758,0.008682927,0.0003454065,0.6073101,0.04501862,0.1655747],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005257417,0.0005628534,0.04116903,0.001133719,0.002599442,0.0004352958,0.003866076,0.05930144,0.0005964645,0.858753,0.03081519,0.0002418771],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.1331293,0.009820417,0.7719069,0.03409233,0.003663871,0.001198435,0.003535744,0.00153876,0.04111425],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8098068,0.003338478,0.1581479,0.004372852,0.001491809,0.001540671,0.00310547,0.0008478414,0.01734824],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9256142,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3933946,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06396655000166238,"score_gpt":0.2330790204683693,"score_spread":0.1691124704667069,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}