{"id":"W4413213139","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5385680","title":"A Model of the Babbage Firm","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Economic, financial, and policy analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002070848,0.000302544,0.0008964695,0.0004210398,0.000219468,0.0000718733,0.00133682,0.000376116,0.00006126461],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001424578,0.0002876995,0.001071888,0.0002303123,0.00008654408,0.00009637868,0.0004841076,0.003568558,0.00005264619],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001214891,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002855856,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001079637,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002338774,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966967,0.00003941962,0.001250475,0.000445222,0.00005139126,0.001516845],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975034,0.00004582783,0.00153906,0.0007950731,0.00006031731,0.00005633663],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001303752,0.00005668606,0.006586934,0.00005664387,0.0005738675,1.984303e-7,0.0002782475,0.01945625,0.000003749808,0.9715706,0.0004594429,0.0009444109],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002997066,0.00002242621,0.0006972047,0.00006054504,0.00008115605,0.00000784195,0.00006043407,0.02367082,0.00002598791,0.9708309,0.003968197,0.000274777],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6523508,0.0664684,0.0759084,0.01022983,0.003796538,0.0009610582,0.002620964,0.00007134883,0.1875926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9597587,0.01453308,0.0001409236,0.0003129132,0.0003458217,0.00001562397,0.00000888257,0.00002644209,0.02485764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3074078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999575,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02963880901629521,"score_gpt":0.2314299055674393,"score_spread":0.2017910965511441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}