{"id":"W4413230145","doi":"10.54648/trad2025040","title":"The Changing Faces of Deference under the WTO SPS and TBT Agreements","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of World Trade","topic":"World Trade Organization Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Scrutiny; Deference; International trade; Technical barriers to trade; Business; Scientific evidence; Political science; Standard of review; World trade; International economics; Law and economics; Law; Economics; Trade barrier; Judicial review","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007644725,0.00006466767,0.0001220178,0.000132831,0.0006195541,0.0001050597,0.000359628,0.00002020928,0.00003593976],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008887974,0.00003557088,0.00004789669,0.000842238,0.000314682,0.0001162256,0.00003474183,0.0001624106,7.707234e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004014195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001070673,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000329203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002422446,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989736,0.0001573492,0.000283929,0.00006152624,0.0003492624,0.00017431],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991347,0.0004175733,0.0002568721,0.00009151095,0.00005534889,0.0000439491],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002352839,0.00006002037,0.02737013,0.00001768577,0.0001895043,0.00000320227,0.01337515,0.00008405192,0.0005480512,0.943085,0.002955642,0.01228803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001007486,0.00005813098,0.3005888,0.0003906677,0.000221023,0.000008766468,0.04720703,0.0000356607,0.004763867,0.02454673,0.620959,0.0002128014],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5441518,0.005821411,0.0006906577,0.4183379,0.001392841,0.0003528195,0.000003719386,0.00002239283,0.02922643],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962767,0.0004915988,0.00007874695,0.0004346787,0.0001070291,6.198333e-7,8.9329e-8,0.000003555437,0.002606971],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9185383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4765172,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01591050765842241,"score_gpt":0.2973039458078517,"score_spread":0.2813934381494293,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}