{"id":"W4413257235","doi":"10.1111/nph.70426","title":"How evolution repeatedly builds complexity: a case study with <scp>C<sub>4</sub></scp> photosynthesis in <i>Blepharis</i> (Acanthaceae)","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"New Phytologist","topic":"Plant Diversity and Evolution","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Acanthaceae; Photosynthesis; Botany; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009948427,0.0001961129,0.0003045982,0.0007132646,0.002523086,0.002050499,0.0005233605,0.001138902,0.001387458],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002677439,0.0001277228,0.0003600003,0.0008708037,0.00231609,0.001401372,0.001389639,0.001096062,0.0001784133],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001721064,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005993585,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01052664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02088691,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993161,0.0003594504,0.00001898896,0.0001038851,0.00009712118,0.0001045988],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988461,0.000607372,0.0001373196,0.0001361227,0.0001133805,0.0001597603],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007576793,0.0004039453,0.3932407,0.0006501381,0.0003111114,0.06849154,0.1775953,0.008200018,0.07786756,0.05539132,0.005611144,0.2114796],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003697759,0.0006472059,0.5845165,0.0003406189,0.0002026659,0.03612034,0.1233095,0.01189952,0.0103567,0.04605546,0.1863134,0.0002011281],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.98606,0.0008446408,0.002066815,0.0009358616,0.00001136843,0.00001525701,0.00006999029,0.00002302348,0.009972936],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959323,0.0004962629,0.001950907,0.0001549804,0.00000910547,0.000006169989,0.0000626938,0.00003098067,0.001356627],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01052664,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02093071,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02613437797177402,"score_gpt":0.2166455041773132,"score_spread":0.1905111262055392,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}