{"id":"W4413291840","doi":"10.3390/economies13080238","title":"Economies of Scale and Scope for Canadian Universities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economies","topic":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Scope (computer science); Scale (ratio); Economies of scale; Regional science; Business; Economics; Economic geography; Geography; Computer science; Marketing; Cartography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008427282,0.0000756657,0.0002797455,0.0007087288,0.0002214749,0.0001409682,0.0003357742,0.00004457711,0.0001998531],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002125715,0.00007048296,0.00008176593,0.0002072595,0.0002956794,0.0002657337,0.00006184755,0.00002864078,0.00003073375],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001088509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005095115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.017585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2611744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991636,0.00002853408,0.0003317232,0.0002631847,0.00005323757,0.0001597435],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985615,0.0008720997,0.0001115198,0.0002778594,0.0001146456,0.00006234549],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001432922,0.00006697534,0.2978157,0.0001129127,0.000408246,0.000002568496,0.00637187,0.01170964,0.0002331173,0.4659461,0.1499826,0.06720695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001187958,0.0001386775,0.1240177,0.00009534408,0.0001457599,0.000002382572,0.04046967,0.02248169,0.007953999,0.1468341,0.6561068,0.0005658807],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9262923,0.0005865616,0.0003825656,0.002515021,0.0002201646,0.0001021538,0.00006591246,0.000008471416,0.06982686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9814148,0.00002435726,0.0008839033,0.0002311833,0.00001544292,0.000003176935,0.000001607651,0.000002911259,0.01742262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5061242,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.988957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03102260375201414,"score_gpt":0.3126696071680298,"score_spread":0.2816470034160156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}