{"id":"W4413291840","doi":"10.3390/economies13080238","title":"Economies of Scale and Scope for Canadian Universities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economies","topic":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Simon Fraser University","keywords":"Scope (computer science); Scale (ratio); Economies of scale; Regional science; Business; Economics; Economic geography; Geography; Computer science; Marketing; Cartography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003337681,0.0003988641,0.0006919879,0.009099339,0.001467302,0.002903139,0.0007850933,0.0002810776,0.002572237],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01976918,0.0001902473,0.001221433,0.0110919,0.001228572,0.00124924,0.001643107,0.0005524721,0.0001455731],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02733523,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01536746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.888118,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8934575,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971051,0.0002828575,0.0001248068,0.0003180209,0.001592202,0.0005771221],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9899142,0.003380711,0.001922357,0.0007349958,0.003274461,0.0007732826],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001347028,0.00007296141,0.7332835,0.0003374813,0.0007144926,0.0002467142,0.003508038,0.07293224,0.0006629684,0.09781847,0.007978875,0.0823096],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001821551,0.00002977225,0.9284912,0.0001419688,0.0001162853,0.00006634867,0.002572563,0.02723282,0.0004672999,0.01799224,0.02279679,0.00007453794],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9173848,0.002183293,0.01052167,0.0008769617,0.00001483853,0.000171035,0.00973036,0.00006192736,0.05905519],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992577,0.000526327,0.002691478,0.00003862399,0.000006228651,0.00005886872,0.002446688,0.00001309247,0.001641635],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9726648,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2250817,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03102260375201414,"score_gpt":0.3126696071680298,"score_spread":0.2816470034160156,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}