{"id":"W4413354530","doi":"10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105239","title":"Recent advances in the detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food: A review of optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and biosensors","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Trends in Food Science & Technology","topic":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China; Canada Research Chairs; McGill University","keywords":"Biosensor; Nanotechnology; Environmental science; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001171686,0.0001746639,0.0003880485,0.00107369,0.00007540778,0.00001224046,0.0005827452,0.0001538843,0.00003523238],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003305708,0.0001331352,0.0000298007,0.006872871,0.003185031,0.0002441661,0.0002118638,0.0004514809,9.795011e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001712864,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003884989,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003126426,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002697009,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977711,0.000117705,0.0005002392,0.0005754406,0.0004711058,0.0005643694],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993211,0.0001480344,0.0001047516,0.0003545345,0.00002314152,0.0000484357],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006287839,0.0001192795,0.03173709,0.0001386438,0.000003012036,0.000004009246,0.0003245472,0.000009358204,0.2324578,0.001105172,0.000007248238,0.734031],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001367203,0.001897363,0.09573545,0.001462406,0.00001696385,0.0001034513,0.002235783,0.0007207926,0.8722214,0.003773033,0.01997192,0.000494275],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7862906,0.2099297,0.000008027857,0.001732231,0.00002418819,0.0001794893,0.000003707262,0.0000141494,0.001817872],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8847477,0.1149092,0.0002399472,0.00005151014,0.000002804389,0.00002970326,6.954256e-7,0.00000404551,0.00001439033],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7335367,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01326825202112798,"score_gpt":0.2982517949368059,"score_spread":0.2849835429156779,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}