{"id":"W4413357991","doi":"10.1007/s12134-025-01293-7","title":"Off-Colour: Canada’s Ethnically Stratified Labour Market, 1995–2020","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale","topic":"Employment and Welfare Studies","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Global Affairs Canada; Bank of Canada; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Ethnically diverse; Demographic economics; Labour economics; Business; Economics; Political science; Ethnic group","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008000283,0.0005267753,0.0004476098,0.002131868,0.003399034,0.003679388,0.001847596,0.001239897,0.007992984],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002202959,0.0003375042,0.0007587557,0.007560783,0.0007433316,0.0009806672,0.00164314,0.001576211,0.001501127],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0532281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1140759,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9979089,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9991822,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986151,0.00003335315,0.00007413805,0.00008488967,0.0004125941,0.0007798756],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.996833,0.00005974569,0.0002704179,0.0000442547,0.001606709,0.001185822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008108902,0.0002177787,0.6361502,0.000493246,0.0002618959,0.0008236905,0.003474386,0.001646814,0.000429126,0.005093128,0.2878324,0.06276644],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003226825,0.00002372378,0.9285749,0.0001852454,0.00003924146,0.0001099307,0.005151893,0.0007166322,0.0001271478,0.0001777559,0.0648268,0.00003449973],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6403458,0.01095287,0.0003597703,0.0237909,0.000736164,0.000215269,0.2830359,0.0002078514,0.0403555],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8806488,0.004639732,0.0006396086,0.002794539,0.00009032193,0.0001133544,0.05202886,0.00007019509,0.05897465],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0532281,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3861986,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02158816650940366,"score_gpt":0.3710817098844711,"score_spread":0.3494935433750674,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}