{"id":"W4413362943","doi":"10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110629","title":"Enhanced cybersecurity for smart grids: Detecting protocol-specific DDoS attacks on Modbus networks","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","topic":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Modbus; Denial-of-service attack; Computer security; Protocol (science); Computer science; Smart grid; Computer network; Embedded system; Engineering; Communications protocol; Operating system; The Internet; Medicine; Electrical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000351528,0.0003402869,0.0003736884,0.0003638351,0.000316841,0.0002820302,0.0008371926,0.0002200085,0.00000310428],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001055513,0.0003582757,0.000209305,0.00158643,0.00001994834,0.0002913672,0.0002235748,0.0006954815,0.000007374017],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002761459,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004650611,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000460721,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001488267,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977089,0.00005553464,0.0004630756,0.0007621907,0.0002456504,0.0007646516],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998444,0.0006173546,0.0001319117,0.0005452514,0.0001142074,0.0001473072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001516043,0.0001592774,0.000006206614,0.00008813247,0.00006674451,0.000008765495,0.0001469279,0.4770379,0.002357648,0.04919136,0.003938188,0.4668472],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008243182,0.0003653832,0.0001073035,0.0001552752,0.000005318735,0.000005661034,9.566623e-7,0.9597147,0.01149784,0.0007142529,0.02626707,0.000341993],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.002080789,0.00009591135,0.9845473,0.0001443719,0.001647586,0.01045458,4.618051e-7,0.0007844073,0.0002446546],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9200014,0.00002846633,0.05772918,0.000804995,0.001058113,0.02024336,0.000004812202,0.00005650857,0.00007320045],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9268181,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998869,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00880523534551626,"score_gpt":0.2382555038446883,"score_spread":0.229450268499172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}