{"id":"W4413378385","doi":"10.3390/drones9080580","title":"Exploring the Potential of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Microplastic Detection in Marine Environments: A Systematic Review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Drones","topic":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Underwater; Marine engineering; Environmental science; Computer science; Engineering; Oceanography; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002423286,0.00009229466,0.000199635,0.0000380185,0.0000679384,0.000009692757,0.0001154252,0.00002210427,0.00005934192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000776583,0.00006372198,0.00004977783,0.0001153722,0.00006474113,0.00007168273,0.0000982654,0.00005146971,0.00003531949],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001125153,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005684749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001241773,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001550645,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992472,0.0000513415,0.0003164466,0.0001481425,0.00009092921,0.0001459235],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996146,0.0001342954,0.00008766531,0.0001455132,0.000002354212,0.00001559222],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001706572,0.0003758874,0.00177393,0.09982723,0.0001612698,0.000006171507,0.0004094815,0.01312055,0.868704,0.0005376602,0.0004156597,0.01449749],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006725984,0.0010604,0.2455904,0.1177502,0.004385896,0.0001315466,0.001378243,0.1300339,0.4679996,0.01208589,0.01046967,0.002388297],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8932516,0.000906907,0.1025171,0.0003217283,0.0009242353,0.001841845,0.00002094422,0.00001823849,0.0001973592],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986893,0.0005339667,0.000200627,0.0000723449,0.00001424754,0.0001814878,0.000004042684,0.000006061381,0.0002979329],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4007044,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2598507,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01379911015519084,"score_gpt":0.2024887534361281,"score_spread":0.1886896432809373,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}