{"id":"W4413413384","doi":"10.1007/s11136-025-04046-2","title":"Tree-based item-response theory model for evaluating differential item functioning in patient-reported outcome measures: a web-based R Shiny implementation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quality of Life Research","topic":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of Manitoba; University of Calgary","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Differential item functioning; Item response theory; Quality of Life Research; Patient-reported outcome; Outcome (game theory); Psychometrics; Quality of life (healthcare); Differential (mechanical device); Public health; Psychology; Clinical psychology; Medicine; Mathematics; Psychotherapist; Nursing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02615515,0.001395037,0.002269709,0.003213471,0.0007270711,0.001620468,0.002044214,0.001772531,0.009185909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07758315,0.0007611481,0.003979305,0.002869012,0.0005702627,0.001736352,0.001552815,0.002268874,0.003560697],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001379892,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002155045,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005163455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004777401,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9812428,0.0149803,0.000768532,0.001060038,0.001674246,0.0002741943],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9460743,0.04615023,0.001577595,0.002314184,0.003517917,0.0003657507],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00245458,0.002289201,0.07348499,0.001268961,0.003616439,0.0003703219,0.001673541,0.1680832,0.002743317,0.04215394,0.02246,0.6794016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003517899,0.0006050952,0.01056648,0.0002078326,0.0004102049,0.0001765402,0.0001812924,0.9549834,0.0006981264,0.02930978,0.002433657,0.00007581191],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.03439893,0.0001351096,0.9593925,0.000342396,0.00006919872,0.001105148,0.00123235,0.002123413,0.001200844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2201818,0.0001703325,0.7713125,0.0003270619,0.00004111544,0.00461497,0.001589689,0.0002775092,0.001484976],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02615515,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1383232,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8819502951575374,"score_gpt":0.6573421513145343,"score_spread":0.2246081438430031,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}