{"id":"W4413427429","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114627","title":"Prediction and control of structured porosity in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing using multi-scale modeling","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Materials & Design","topic":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","keywords":"Materials science; Porosity; Fusion; Scale (ratio); Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004461682,0.000418469,0.0004937476,0.0004082447,0.0003139302,0.0006693116,0.0006152394,0.000759912,0.0003640451],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007764628,0.0003499797,0.0005550616,0.0001964814,0.0005603045,0.0006596426,0.000520174,0.0004307111,0.00007162417],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008563951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000884292,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005208431,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004099968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998419,0.00002834947,0.000007260367,0.00002708933,0.00007151982,0.0000238133],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996427,0.0002087304,0.00006176912,0.0000278497,0.00004048415,0.0000184093],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009459834,0.00001152373,0.0003327165,0.000009361579,0.000003344193,0.0000126649,0.000009097042,0.99264,0.004364545,0.0004421879,0.00001408904,0.002150977],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001209517,0.000006405559,0.0000938915,8.442707e-7,0.000001028778,0.000002838524,0.000002121614,0.998445,0.001293041,0.0001102525,0.00004181481,0.000001582562],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3375694,0.000236352,0.6591776,0.0001226784,0.00001589675,0.00005446864,0.0000996543,0.0004221149,0.002301867],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9660963,0.000115339,0.03317394,0.00001061895,0.000003150711,0.00004556861,0.00004230293,0.00002925519,0.0004837008],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005208431,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01035625,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01999288895875314,"score_gpt":0.2226990519875345,"score_spread":0.2027061630287813,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}