{"id":"W4413642769","doi":"10.1561/2400000052","title":"Causal Machine Learning: A Survey and Open Problems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Foundations and Trends® in Optimization","topic":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000370221,0.00008272791,0.0001088588,0.0002611609,0.0002007181,0.0006189912,0.0002173511,0.0000442679,0.00002196532],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005261884,0.0000809144,0.000007387827,0.0007837758,0.00003202734,0.0005220163,0.0002435293,0.0001058798,0.000001114262],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001798089,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004087716,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001044857,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001265235,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992748,0.0001120541,0.000170388,0.0002762072,0.00005632031,0.0001101534],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996464,0.00006801297,0.000046686,0.0001407735,0.00006423534,0.00003385371],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001359895,0.0001403719,0.05987868,0.00002037848,0.00002458824,0.000001608467,0.0006863788,0.5814756,0.000008199238,0.1531307,0.0002430642,0.2043768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003464027,0.00003274254,0.02546103,0.00002230107,0.000003186222,0.000002129432,0.000005509459,0.9708928,0.000001776456,0.002662759,0.0004830127,0.00008629089],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001603225,0.0001543562,0.9928036,0.0009800247,0.00007031275,0.00008947658,0.000004213164,0.00004543716,0.004249348],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9414719,0.0002016271,0.05572532,0.00007794947,0.000004831459,0.00002772642,0.0001712739,0.000004627987,0.002314743],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9398687,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5968946,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04296534663988999,"score_gpt":0.3133753765794282,"score_spread":0.2704100299395382,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}