{"id":"W4413642769","doi":"10.1561/2400000052","title":"Causal Machine Learning: A Survey and Open Problems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Foundations and Trends® in Optimization","topic":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01347681,0.001594193,0.002983201,0.004502191,0.001379541,0.005149331,0.00387407,0.003853073,0.006511894],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03561128,0.001136442,0.001558518,0.007176708,0.004181738,0.01047884,0.003176318,0.005881581,0.001523493],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002962665,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003475926,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002868836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001695855,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944308,0.00275091,0.0003296164,0.0009941841,0.00129958,0.0001947079],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9421715,0.05299981,0.0007497324,0.001675892,0.00203686,0.0003662539],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000740055,0.0001475751,0.001997226,0.003107694,0.0001657146,0.00009990529,0.0002013157,0.01846468,0.0001058789,0.5228924,0.02337866,0.429365],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002103418,0.00004124813,0.0005776632,0.00113747,0.00004908788,0.0001693365,0.0001436036,0.04731201,0.0001988754,0.8715209,0.07878905,0.00003968046],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002999408,0.5917402,0.362012,0.02496218,0.0009853055,0.00009336709,0.0004000862,0.000438758,0.01636872],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.102501,0.7050403,0.1693977,0.005082167,0.01239472,0.0003480365,0.001029676,0.0004056785,0.003800712],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01347681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07127309,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04296534663988999,"score_gpt":0.3133753765794282,"score_spread":0.2704100299395382,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}