{"id":"W4413690326","doi":"10.1017/xps.2025.10011","title":"How Language Shapes Belief in Misinformation: A Study Among Multilinguals in Ukraine","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Experimental Political Science","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Charles Koch Foundation; Craig Newmark Philanthropies; York University; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation","keywords":"Misinformation; Psychology; Linguistics; Communication; Computer science; Philosophy; Computer security","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00242757,0.00008147296,0.000180588,0.0005608995,0.0001851691,0.0003389058,0.0004161379,0.00004116754,0.00006874876],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002043174,0.00006619983,0.00004235621,0.001049773,0.0005941043,0.002096176,0.00006861646,0.0001768395,0.000003215286],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006219933,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005692359,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00141627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005910615,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980133,0.00008892765,0.0004842802,0.00009028547,0.0007784575,0.0005447352],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999257,0.0001074145,0.0001349581,0.00007305986,0.0001120157,0.0003156122],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001043422,0.002166385,0.04049166,0.00001872594,0.00001351259,0.0001038435,0.7233244,0.00004785457,0.01367483,0.2131146,0.0002649891,0.006674869],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001518478,0.0002141388,0.2044257,0.000119841,0.000002973406,0.000004638387,0.7807546,0.0005605678,0.01163956,0.0002798017,0.0003546323,0.0001250903],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9604803,0.0001184451,0.00001726256,0.001590429,0.0001563365,0.0002104257,7.293525e-7,0.000007243239,0.0374188],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989774,0.00000346077,0.0001536668,0.0004963536,0.0000601361,0.000001099983,1.21147e-7,0.000001651277,0.0003060603],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2128348,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3268076,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02100420757513473,"score_gpt":0.4055066959357843,"score_spread":0.3845024883606496,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}