{"id":"W4413695626","doi":"10.1063/5.0271375","title":"Impact of the radial electric field on plasma instabilities in a penning discharge: Insights from a 3D particle-in-cell model","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Plasmas","topic":"Plasma Diagnostics and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Physics; Electric field; Plasma; Particle-in-cell; Atomic physics; Field (mathematics); Particle (ecology); Nuclear physics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00002744512,0.0001169237,0.0002105619,0.00006454046,0.00002138999,0.000009276409,0.0001789872,0.00004945171,0.000001947146],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005945886,0.00009520617,0.00007993645,0.0004341394,0.00001701272,0.00006788251,0.00003312845,0.0002012389,0.000002658543],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006534024,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007018479,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000237625,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001579934,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999365,0.00001462089,0.0002423069,0.0001228088,0.00009667219,0.0001585759],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990488,0.0006394823,0.00004215888,0.0002297075,0.00001734203,0.00002249727],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002732934,0.0002308242,0.007791747,0.00003326589,0.00002136909,3.982439e-7,0.0007974328,0.9127198,0.06487241,0.01295596,0.000069387,0.0004800442],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000393939,0.00002627967,0.004890198,0.00006226214,0.000008993213,2.846071e-8,0.00002332422,0.7060432,0.2790529,0.009428428,0.000003841168,0.00006656075],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969309,0.00003603758,0.0003412764,0.00004330907,0.00004680843,0.0001739112,0.00004413953,0.00001556004,0.002368041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996661,0.00002848117,0.0002162718,0.000009321944,0.0000141741,0.00004098858,0.000004107485,0.00001050549,0.00001006747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2141805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3882395,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00929582290736834,"score_gpt":0.2291621901848665,"score_spread":0.2198663672774982,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}