{"id":"W4413722868","doi":"10.3138/ccar.v19i1.39","title":"The Commonality Test in Class Action Certification: The Battleground of Screening Merits and Fair Process","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Class Action Review","topic":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Certification; Class action; Test (biology); Class (philosophy); Process (computing); Action (physics); Computer science; Political science; Law; Artificial intelligence; Programming language; Physics; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.07276399,0.0007882009,0.001913877,0.00439553,0.01048953,0.01815393,0.004911555,0.0227306,0.008761648],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1841648,0.0008879314,0.001917378,0.002343232,0.06898667,0.0343443,0.01158693,0.02211912,0.001255817],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009130326,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01822922,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008047274,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007048047,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9358134,0.03203199,0.001977188,0.005967363,0.02039281,0.003817211],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8949454,0.0878758,0.003613207,0.005398856,0.00592459,0.002242157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001308875,0.00001216269,0.0002540339,0.00001388893,0.000004004396,0.00009408044,0.0004704756,0.0001624674,0.00004766455,0.9947648,0.0008550418,0.003308313],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003210858,0.00004839363,0.0004255923,0.0001386495,0.00002200786,0.0001252623,0.000559305,0.001881148,0.0003808378,0.9853349,0.01101166,0.0000402685],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05498179,0.005054801,0.3185331,0.1376429,0.002262799,0.0008753837,0.0001184482,0.0002065038,0.4803243],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8876171,0.001523245,0.0667913,0.01799689,0.001800042,0.0008369104,0.0000727023,0.000132349,0.0232295],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9919527,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3848174,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1028982540508805,"score_gpt":0.3236083298095724,"score_spread":0.2207100757586919,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}