{"id":"W4413751963","doi":"10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-110936","title":"A Systems Framework of Bilingual Language Acquisition: How Development, Experience, and Contexts Interact to Shape Outcomes","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Review of Developmental Psychology","topic":"Categorization, perception, and language","field":"Psychology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Linguistics; Computer science; Cognitive psychology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004379771,0.0002614761,0.0007328594,0.0003112768,0.00007147645,0.00001810485,0.0003343141,0.0001701965,0.001484278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002342641,0.0002277093,0.00008398783,0.000586565,0.0001613267,0.0001186855,0.0001221375,0.0001453276,0.00006764426],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004777395,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001233388,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004216735,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001835474,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979868,0.0001728874,0.0008435142,0.0005016821,0.0002073863,0.0002877659],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998923,0.0001701802,0.0002692766,0.0003275538,0.0002103076,0.00009967389],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004629806,0.001198451,0.2623808,0.007524298,0.00107457,0.00008374912,0.3434936,3.328523e-7,0.003322007,0.02250326,0.03985429,0.3181016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001434542,0.0002643125,0.799096,0.008271955,0.00007827183,0.0001648767,0.0572437,6.954635e-7,0.000442965,0.00008963542,0.1322614,0.0006516327],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.949672,0.03317371,0.002404231,0.00097375,0.00176204,0.001035818,0.00007615843,0.00005787037,0.01084442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9865105,0.001573457,0.002596233,0.006146454,0.00004669382,0.0001364063,0.00008506883,0.00002034157,0.002884876],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5367153,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994285,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01612362704315037,"score_gpt":0.3969109279510268,"score_spread":0.3807873009078764,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}