{"id":"W4413803092","doi":"10.29173/mlj1436","title":"The Dangers of Police “Operational” Independence","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Manitoba Law Journal","topic":"Criminal Law and Evidence","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Discretion; Independence (probability theory); Law; Legislature; Statute; Law enforcement; Political science; Legislation; Enforcement; Statutory law; Judicial discretion; Judicial review","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001178525,0.00005053184,0.00007250832,0.00002737969,0.002289307,0.0002305664,0.0004313368,0.00004640032,0.00006775662],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001481128,0.0000357659,0.00005617042,0.0001611883,0.000407817,0.0002325937,0.00004021435,0.00021275,0.00001557564],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008697013,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002215594,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1151527,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5378395,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989412,0.0001530123,0.0001949481,0.00007050706,0.0004486829,0.0001916034],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992245,0.0002842513,0.00008240586,0.0001002181,0.0002494332,0.00005920998],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002083374,0.00001846906,0.002124861,0.000005538619,0.00001953235,0.000003612133,0.002151028,0.00001602955,0.0001527626,0.9733146,0.008434717,0.01373795],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000134482,0.00002853881,0.004195294,0.00008788169,0.00002500513,0.00001573867,0.07873446,0.00001155847,0.0005441131,0.02155762,0.8945784,0.00008689363],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2659868,0.001628738,0.0005927111,0.03706012,0.002402515,0.0002317561,0.000003763288,0.00003355854,0.69206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980672,0.0002956946,0.00009957701,0.0005569736,0.0003160956,0.00000216813,1.4896e-7,0.000002309424,0.0006598447],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9517571,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990095,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02623534859564983,"score_gpt":0.329846069265071,"score_spread":0.3036107206694212,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}