{"id":"W4413848206","doi":"10.1007/s11229-025-05228-8","title":"Strong novelty regained: high-impact outcomes of machine learning for science","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Synthese","topic":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"German Academic Exchange Service; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","keywords":"Novelty; Philosophy of science; Metaphysics; Philosophy of language; Science learning; Philosophy of technology; Epistemology; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Philosophy; Cognitive science; Mathematics education; Science education; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001263211,0.000163141,0.0002989508,0.0004009041,0.0002907297,0.0001485532,0.001539859,0.00004578788,0.00002151494],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002753565,0.0001309644,0.0001282226,0.001186361,0.0002645158,0.0007135584,0.0003954714,0.0001429147,0.00001712822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001342411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000319267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008688748,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006722251,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983265,0.00005164601,0.0003382163,0.0004551783,0.0003403811,0.0004880877],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979822,0.0007987975,0.0001493852,0.0007008438,0.0002820647,0.00008668822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005047135,0.0002210388,0.03712147,0.0000767037,0.00008193345,0.000005746742,0.0008106322,0.01260409,0.03948016,0.8260478,0.0001593562,0.08334061],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002806628,0.0003142783,0.01724545,0.0001288208,0.00002320857,0.000002710542,0.0003767523,0.5068877,0.4461682,0.02670048,0.00148833,0.0003833943],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1950721,0.0001022278,0.7995615,0.001465112,0.0004407447,0.0003540635,0.000009348606,0.0001504001,0.002844542],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9778002,0.000004402561,0.02090376,0.00007285187,0.00001690438,0.0000231542,9.788679e-7,0.000008229385,0.001169506],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7993473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5340572,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02641735045534581,"score_gpt":0.3335360793258481,"score_spread":0.3071187288705023,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}