{"id":"W4413867879","doi":"10.1007/s40263-025-01215-2","title":"International Trends in Opioid Prescribing by Age and Sex from 2001 to 2019: An Observational Study Using Population-Based Databases from 18 Countries and One Special Administrative Region","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"CNS Drugs","topic":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","field":"Medicine","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Institute on Drug Abuse; Health and Medical Research Fund; LEO Pharma; National Science and Technology Council; DAK-Gesundheit; Servier; Astellas Pharma; National Health Research Institutes; Innovation and Technology Commission; University of New South Wales; Novo Nordisk; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; World Health Organization; Sanofi; European Commission; Pfizer; Amgen","keywords":"Observational study; Medicine; Psychopharmacology; Population; Opioid; Database; Family medicine; Psychiatry; Demography; Internal medicine; Environmental health; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002607886,0.0004750709,0.001004243,0.0023312,0.0005377641,0.0008869704,0.000801606,0.0006162828,0.0009578437],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006472826,0.0007385172,0.002523496,0.006427119,0.0003434012,0.0009665664,0.001120699,0.0008072236,0.0002591627],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001042644,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001423939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02509097,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03529083,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963452,0.0009289796,0.001065479,0.0008351799,0.0005817502,0.0002433372],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9918231,0.0009316999,0.005378863,0.0006168887,0.0009057004,0.0003437972],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001929989,0.00003316765,0.9959132,0.0003695367,0.001482116,0.00004995235,0.00009989731,0.00007518937,0.00006168633,0.00002063348,0.0004788769,0.001222707],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006020743,0.0001025796,0.9969534,0.0001804843,0.001015613,0.0002458299,0.0002760449,0.0002643975,0.00008381963,0.00002196236,0.0007800278,0.00001573301],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9639974,0.005309558,0.0007998333,0.0001903703,0.00003184223,0.0001572342,0.02885691,0.00002315973,0.0006336118],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9827557,0.001730017,0.001019097,0.0002211056,0.00002890922,0.0003351065,0.0137564,0.000008173536,0.0001453946],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02509097,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04988986,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1492723523950954,"score_gpt":0.3872765649557264,"score_spread":0.2380042125606311,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}