{"id":"W4413916255","doi":"10.1287/isre.2022.0405","title":"Is Prevention Better Than Cure? Effects of Cyber Risk Disclosures on Shareholder Response to Breaches","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information Systems Research","topic":"Information and Cyber Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Data breach; Shareholder; Actuarial science; Internet privacy; Accounting; Computer security; Finance; Corporate governance; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003825911,0.0001384232,0.000201108,0.001220239,0.0002672792,0.0005451569,0.0008228127,0.0001242144,0.00001238291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004729678,0.0001157102,0.00009495317,0.001308425,0.00004404034,0.002321851,0.0003254597,0.000342962,0.0007073727],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001401059,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001786083,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002939161,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009800142,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966986,0.0008576235,0.00067619,0.0001750575,0.001246441,0.000346154],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99761,0.0006182879,0.0001996889,0.0007774188,0.00068833,0.0001062725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001511678,0.0004921937,0.01048909,0.003856844,0.0003686165,0.000005712379,0.1790263,0.001165371,0.0008514555,0.1790168,0.3774272,0.2457887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003470083,0.001217256,0.3169372,0.003133415,0.00001989411,0.00001180809,0.003422608,0.03117588,0.04965276,0.002612586,0.5875891,0.0007574405],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7977686,0.0001181954,0.1578547,0.005312404,0.001182205,0.003163674,0.00007470291,0.0002296843,0.03429586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974883,0.000008806665,0.0003245308,0.0004994437,0.00002882738,0.0002046012,0.00001172371,0.000004019531,0.001429733],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3064481,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9092081,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0335147272951296,"score_gpt":0.3476911583020847,"score_spread":0.3141764310069551,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}