{"id":"W4413916255","doi":"10.1287/isre.2022.0405","title":"Is Prevention Better Than Cure? Effects of Cyber Risk Disclosures on Shareholder Response to Breaches","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Information Systems Research","topic":"Information and Cyber Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Data breach; Shareholder; Actuarial science; Internet privacy; Accounting; Computer security; Finance; Corporate governance; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003694743,0.0002709223,0.0003296894,0.0003741798,0.0004452607,0.001713155,0.0004028823,0.001045259,0.005775324],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0340794,0.0001556294,0.0004966055,0.0002352349,0.001080079,0.002357989,0.001177092,0.001896498,0.0003078514],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004160269,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005484751,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008285378,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001120814,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962493,0.002207649,0.000171541,0.0002901293,0.0005683707,0.0005130391],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.949273,0.03108634,0.01507588,0.001718681,0.0008971834,0.001948869],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005773117,0.004905306,0.8301517,0.0004165986,0.001308273,0.0008402524,0.004472271,0.003349206,0.009106222,0.006188068,0.001451991,0.1320371],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001268645,0.00347322,0.9749581,0.000204136,0.0005722233,0.0003083042,0.007338151,0.002751527,0.00346635,0.004634785,0.002123294,0.00004300574],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936992,0.0004632321,0.0002452332,0.001749167,0.00003191927,0.00001515232,0.0000224031,0.000006156342,0.00376754],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999303,0.0001330649,0.00006495001,0.0001999401,0.00002054745,0.000003033659,0.000007657212,0.00000142647,0.0002665404],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005775324,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01953989,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0335147272951296,"score_gpt":0.3476911583020847,"score_spread":0.3141764310069551,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}