{"id":"W4413962815","doi":"10.52922/crg77963","title":"Analysing the evolution and activities of ransomware criminal groups","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks","topic":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Ransomware; Criminology; Computer security; Computer science; Psychology; Malware","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001842767,0.0003413203,0.0007052108,0.0003860905,0.0002628681,0.00003477589,0.000858507,0.0003112543,0.000006883079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002345762,0.0002747589,0.0002130724,0.00004786166,0.001691702,0.0002251795,0.0004900631,0.0003906133,0.000001331561],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001211359,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005242513,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006365025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002600439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983377,0.00005958632,0.0005914524,0.0004348346,0.0002659975,0.0003103751],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985841,0.000116978,0.0003992491,0.0007265954,0.000134746,0.00003831175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002515984,0.00001564653,0.00002948666,0.0006949121,0.0004393595,0.00001255986,0.002056028,0.00001555472,0.0002352586,0.9814696,0.004208322,0.01079816],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005660918,0.002346243,0.01161654,0.00685427,0.0115068,0.0004007421,0.008372189,0.0003455368,0.04071553,0.4350449,0.4729659,0.004170414],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03334537,0.001349318,0.01941724,0.0007434716,0.002046067,0.0008331058,0.00005193461,0.0001466582,0.9420668],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5999422,0.00006616597,0.0009463545,0.0001047445,0.00009089456,0.00002003412,0.00001490385,0.00001096567,0.3988037],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5665969,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999704,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05201927806847423,"score_gpt":0.2757996600593208,"score_spread":0.2237803819908466,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}