{"id":"W4413981934","doi":"10.3390/membranes15090269","title":"Modelling of Diffusion and Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Nutrients in Biofilm for Optimal Design and Operation of Emerging Membrane Carbonated Microalgal Biofilm Photobioreactors","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Membranes","topic":"Algal biology and biofuel production","field":"Energy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Photobioreactor; Biofilm; Carbon dioxide; Diffusion; Nutrient; Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Environmental science; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental chemistry; Biomass (ecology); Biology; Ecology; Bacteria; Engineering; Organic chemistry; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004374495,0.0006702215,0.000776324,0.0002974374,0.0003527003,0.0009100509,0.000945801,0.001433564,0.0004857583],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006928929,0.0004598844,0.001109947,0.0002728839,0.0004210887,0.0005350255,0.0004435838,0.0006689095,0.0001323397],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001190615,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001660803,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0121078,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007141257,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998474,0.00003122669,0.00001310924,0.00003142752,0.0000555902,0.00002123856],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997794,0.0001310928,0.0000283879,0.000008409424,0.00004216582,0.00001056138],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002381013,0.00002419094,0.0003852505,0.00009975391,0.00001221246,0.0000453038,0.00003388807,0.9677716,0.02712609,0.001464705,0.00004461002,0.00296855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003548779,0.00001310293,0.00008393786,0.000002334511,0.000003291836,0.000005312696,0.000004924864,0.9970959,0.002505705,0.0001442481,0.0001341665,0.000003467101],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3326807,0.001695843,0.6587775,0.0004855438,0.00007182626,0.0001546538,0.0002209779,0.0001771994,0.005735718],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9263163,0.001282868,0.0687534,0.00004417388,0.00001147008,0.0003057477,0.0001618233,0.00002783481,0.003096393],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0121078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02407461,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01760685646143704,"score_gpt":0.2340578096731921,"score_spread":0.216450953211755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}