{"id":"W4413988624","doi":"10.1021/acsnano.5c12854","title":"33 Unresolved Questions in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACS Nano","topic":"Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; McMaster University","funders":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; European Research Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Army Research Office; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; University of California, Los Angeles; U.S. Army; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Canada First Research Excellence Fund; National Research Foundation of Korea; U.S. Air Force; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Seoul National University; University of Toronto; National Research Foundation; National Nuclear Security Administration; Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation; Lefkofsky Family Foundation; Boston University; Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Maryland; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; Hartwell Foundation; New Jersey Commission on Spinal Cord Research; National Science Foundation; Toyota Research Institute; Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation; W. M. Keck Foundation; Alzheimer's Association","keywords":"Nanotechnology; Applications of nanotechnology; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001621772,0.0000772919,0.0001159783,0.0001056314,0.0001324657,0.00003892286,0.0002499382,0.0000808277,0.00002361948],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001789493,0.00006009606,0.00001068956,0.0002638035,0.0002819344,0.0001430879,0.0001274935,0.00008801775,0.00001652045],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004695043,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008944493,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002806052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001943122,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992602,0.0000309799,0.0001419319,0.0002359028,0.00006776086,0.0002631682],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997112,0.00004302045,0.00002493348,0.0001774187,0.00002322879,0.00002024771],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009338441,0.000006654011,0.001004256,0.000006999207,8.177923e-7,0.000002110083,0.00003703884,0.000005683136,0.969641,0.02603215,0.0001472586,0.003106752],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002866959,0.00007319351,0.007259801,0.00005970855,0.000004456523,0.000008600293,0.00007326416,0.0000745233,0.9690816,0.01834412,0.004606253,0.0001277399],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953571,0.001317781,0.000101775,0.001920433,0.000173284,0.00008889853,0.000001947214,0.0000715371,0.0009672373],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976418,0.0001166893,0.000701162,0.0002698303,0.000005627751,0.00001147421,3.741262e-7,0.000002808306,0.001250229],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007688023,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2450646,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006916279054007563,"score_gpt":0.2408169429044608,"score_spread":0.2339006638504532,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}