{"id":"W4414029709","doi":"10.64152/10125/67501","title":"Individual differences in reading development of bilingual children in early grades: Effects of gender and socioeconomic status","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Reading in a Foreign Language","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Socioeconomic status; Psychology; Reading (process); Developmental psychology; Language development; Reading comprehension; Linguistics; Demography; Sociology; Population","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004831444,0.0002250609,0.0002995398,0.0007886901,0.000603596,0.0006726069,0.0001994458,0.0002256765,0.001654257],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001305769,0.00016438,0.000287423,0.0004325195,0.0003755393,0.0001937375,0.0003818808,0.0002549622,0.0002742373],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008671453,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008285603,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1306052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3373519,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997,0.00003171927,0.00001976524,0.00005612071,0.00009018917,0.0001022412],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993275,0.0001339446,0.0001840024,0.00003195815,0.0001546281,0.0001678603],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002362321,0.00009022783,0.9844353,0.00001657232,0.00003087646,0.0002816058,0.0056292,0.00002879491,0.003579916,0.00006663155,0.0001059353,0.0054987],"study_design_scores_gemma":[8.518415e-7,0.00003645744,0.9987412,0.000003106152,0.000003749483,0.00004550206,0.0009732977,0.00001326105,0.000102767,0.000007100071,0.00007094045,0.000001671946],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993093,0.00005939939,0.000009535824,0.000007982577,0.000001105399,0.000002108689,0.00006827348,0.000001604972,0.0005407133],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993563,0.00004148112,0.00002664044,0.000004741466,4.966093e-7,0.000002862044,0.00008367166,0.00000129142,0.0004824887],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1306052,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2596899,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01325972603112707,"score_gpt":0.2901834154652954,"score_spread":0.2769236894341683,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}