{"id":"W4414030788","doi":"10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101052","title":"Exploring undergraduate students' perceptions of AI vs. human scoring and feedback","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Internet and Higher Education","topic":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University of Edmonton","funders":"Concordia University of Edmonton","keywords":"Perception; Mathematics education; Psychology; Computer science; Medical education; Medicine; Neuroscience","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001519925,0.00007513906,0.00008461572,0.0001026742,0.0001210956,0.00020532,0.0003929021,0.00001775377,0.00001670218],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005934921,0.00006111444,0.00001863533,0.0001859514,0.00008256219,0.000462584,0.000235198,0.00009605828,0.00001109587],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003340421,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003626514,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007683007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007247036,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993983,0.0000394726,0.0001664677,0.0001835336,0.000102997,0.0001092334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995703,0.00004458137,0.00004569647,0.0002433152,0.00006703739,0.00002907298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006865025,0.000131436,0.04852826,0.00004764598,0.00003132183,3.085707e-7,0.0069426,0.00001046588,0.00270043,0.9209948,0.001301824,0.01930411],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001395272,0.0001139171,0.8513477,0.0003884516,0.00003915802,0.000004556901,0.002483072,0.0004812495,0.0158943,0.1247191,0.004176652,0.0002122983],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9843957,0.0001615457,0.00627211,0.006324736,0.0006696763,0.0001113415,1.617708e-7,0.00003244715,0.002032244],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906764,0.00007684196,0.0002616197,0.000272739,0.00005683418,0.00003346445,7.588175e-7,0.000003802307,0.008617561],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8028194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2492175,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06095028768975785,"score_gpt":0.3483979434367106,"score_spread":0.2874476557469527,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}