{"id":"W4414062582","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5443439","title":"Earnings Responses to Social Security Contributions: Evidence from Older Workers in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Government of Nova Scotia; McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Earnings; Social security; Payroll; Payroll tax; Pension","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001772508,0.0004142814,0.0005712871,0.002388945,0.003646236,0.002095484,0.001829515,0.001114034,0.004300311],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009235172,0.0003487617,0.0006355945,0.007884771,0.001359374,0.0005419576,0.00168049,0.001188872,0.0004733275],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.02038242,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02365996,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9952195,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9971482,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977717,0.0002590313,0.0001543164,0.0002164699,0.0007214039,0.0008771539],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9896255,0.001158251,0.002484483,0.0003182062,0.004517493,0.001895989],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002769043,0.0001022282,0.9884266,0.00005991023,0.00008401788,0.0001089803,0.003838903,0.00009395443,0.00009799398,0.0001939694,0.001441831,0.005274635],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001017333,0.00001792179,0.9955901,0.00003582643,0.0000229539,0.00001437649,0.003329033,0.00004479714,0.00002221148,0.00002527416,0.0008789725,0.000008351855],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9909467,0.001091862,0.0000402293,0.0006598335,0.00001574017,0.00004032826,0.003798038,0.000002524541,0.00340492],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933965,0.001344204,0.00006022369,0.0002630408,0.0000175232,0.00002211124,0.002016935,0.000004505918,0.002874991],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02038242,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1478855,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07034601891355564,"score_gpt":0.4044636635392132,"score_spread":0.3341176446256576,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}