{"id":"W4414083222","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14976-3","title":"The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The European Physical Journal C","topic":"Green IT and Sustainability","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; York University; University of British Columbia; TRIUMF; Carleton University; University of Toronto; University of Victoria; McGill University; University of Alberta; Université de Montréal; Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"CHIST-ERA; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Vetenskapsrådet; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; National Science and Technology Council; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; European Regional Development Fund; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; UK Research and Innovation; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; U.S. Department of Energy; Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Austrian Science Fund; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation; VMware; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung; H2020 European Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; Canarie; CERN; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Sustainability; Atlas (anatomy); Green computing; Order (exchange); Large Hadron Collider; Environmental impact assessment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006499704,0.0003295954,0.0003921395,0.0008204851,0.00261935,0.004908244,0.000884769,0.001006009,0.004697547],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008248228,0.0002236674,0.0003767592,0.002745446,0.002994363,0.004308547,0.003136055,0.001967886,0.000750042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003540986,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003263814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01252056,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01151861,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9952709,0.002859265,0.00008457473,0.0003471576,0.0008840483,0.0005541014],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9913727,0.004123255,0.0005357942,0.001172201,0.001116511,0.001679587],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003559766,0.001035403,0.1422622,0.0004665996,0.0003025689,0.0006430023,0.001864576,0.04219629,0.005846554,0.6449102,0.09487868,0.06203419],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005190148,0.0008509096,0.131152,0.000342663,0.000286143,0.0004169006,0.00682652,0.06683125,0.02223419,0.5776879,0.1924285,0.0004240502],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7053351,0.004567313,0.01814684,0.03971846,0.001158215,0.0001957861,0.006819561,0.0009643632,0.2230944],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9865819,0.0009502973,0.003910882,0.001550971,0.0002053567,0.0001107557,0.001534538,0.0002130401,0.004942188],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01252056,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03437418,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004904150861505305,"score_gpt":0.2446330968589725,"score_spread":0.2397289459974672,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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