{"id":"W4414083222","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14976-3","title":"The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The European Physical Journal C","topic":"Green IT and Sustainability","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; York University; University of British Columbia; TRIUMF; Carleton University; University of Toronto; University of Victoria; McGill University; University of Alberta; Université de Montréal; Institute of Particle Physics","funders":"CHIST-ERA; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Vetenskapsrådet; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy; National Science and Technology Council; European Social Fund; Royal Society; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; European Regional Development Fund; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; UK Research and Innovation; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; U.S. Department of Energy; Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning; Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca; Grantová Agentura České Republiky; Austrian Science Fund; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; National Science Foundation; VMware; Baden-Württemberg Stiftung; H2020 European Research Council; Norges Forskningsråd; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; TRIUMF; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu; Canarie; CERN; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Sustainability; Atlas (anatomy); Green computing; Order (exchange); Large Hadron Collider; Environmental impact assessment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001053971,0.0001001886,0.000112049,0.00001730954,0.0002356059,0.00004827752,0.0002774938,0.000009383371,4.718431e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006357327,0.00004330694,0.00008039381,0.0001000421,0.0001894022,0.00002753752,0.0001205311,0.0004091832,2.996336e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001451794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002093311,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001549756,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001136745,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988187,0.0005807016,0.0001970245,0.00007279657,0.0001338018,0.0001970062],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993455,0.0003560079,0.0000340365,0.0002111051,0.00001544645,0.00003784216],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004977409,0.002089354,0.1378125,0.0004989239,0.0007342516,0.000309865,0.1887619,0.1300591,0.07510531,0.004205171,0.007500274,0.4524256],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009349018,0.000206353,0.8937583,0.00007918382,0.00006558272,0.00005169749,0.03233049,0.04080188,0.001877794,0.02866051,0.0009607305,0.0002725549],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920181,0.0003863108,0.00006175438,0.0003876647,0.00004134711,0.0001407644,7.090533e-7,0.00001006963,0.006953278],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9998301,0.00002316512,0.000002231152,0.000006518822,0.000104556,9.063302e-7,2.03627e-7,0.000008028262,0.00002425336],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7559458,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1812114,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004904150861505305,"score_gpt":0.2446330968589725,"score_spread":0.2397289459974672,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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