{"id":"W4414111518","doi":"10.1177/09567976251370262","title":"Pseudo Effects: How Method Biases Can Produce Spurious Findings About Close Relationships","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science","topic":"Attachment and Relationship Dynamics","field":"Psychology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; Economic and Social Research Council","keywords":"Spurious relationship; Interpersonal communication; Interpersonal relationship; Affect (linguistics); Interpersonal interaction; Psychometrics; Measurement invariance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002476372,0.0002484617,0.0002620029,0.0003798775,0.001042785,0.000188973,0.0009115099,0.0002404148,0.0001653234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002792239,0.0001850797,0.00009627133,0.002837865,0.0009655789,0.0002017333,0.0001440237,0.0007938535,0.0002001603],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001367889,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005982857,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002996891,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001848158,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968675,0.0005180518,0.0003147896,0.001189016,0.0004056167,0.0007050502],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972132,0.001577707,0.0001226402,0.0007778148,0.0001142295,0.0001943625],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001473214,0.001234205,0.5560636,0.00003428392,0.00006198234,0.00006599715,0.001906926,0.00006718039,0.006205659,0.3843191,0.01328074,0.03661297],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006735394,0.0003032233,0.9765801,0.00007094513,0.00004848135,0.00003411282,0.0002296903,0.0003906781,0.0001885874,0.01876035,0.002417305,0.0003030286],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8879545,0.0004425228,0.0266284,0.01421889,0.002922187,0.000910047,0.00001031097,0.0003280656,0.06658512],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9741993,0.00002167917,0.01214706,0.001016365,0.00009437474,0.0001285878,0.000008616661,0.00001064429,0.01237337],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4205165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8020363,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05769915419546142,"score_gpt":0.4649088120374369,"score_spread":0.4072096578419755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}