{"id":"W4414119555","doi":"10.29173/crossings381","title":"Perceptual Distinction of English /l/ and /ɹ/ by Japanese Native Speakers","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crossings An Undergraduate Arts Journal","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Perception; First language; Second language; Second-language acquisition; Language proficiency; Language acquisition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00051363,0.0002272963,0.0001966974,0.0003461097,0.0003413227,0.0008658679,0.0001804422,0.0003307049,0.002109216],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002543573,0.0001931688,0.0001592083,0.00012229,0.0006330946,0.0004422052,0.0007811669,0.0003649705,0.0003440667],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001440496,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002456356,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007789534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01163952,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997351,0.00003857112,0.00003318797,0.00007622602,0.00006752904,0.00004942236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987875,0.0003406128,0.0001622443,0.00009412125,0.0003128072,0.0003026949],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001751894,0.0002579852,0.2745933,0.0002035686,0.00007992117,0.00212782,0.0537518,0.0001777697,0.6400521,0.0003982385,0.0004248581,0.02618076],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003435238,0.001151087,0.940017,0.00002461717,0.00006215419,0.002264976,0.02919568,0.0006112739,0.02531764,0.0001750436,0.001097003,0.0000491114],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.999271,0.00001338053,0.00005841873,0.0000072083,0.000001594281,0.000003095816,0.000009677605,0.000002935421,0.0006328234],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993304,0.00001594965,0.0002098376,0.00001685313,0.00000129993,0.000002843232,0.00002196776,0.000002909108,0.0003979476],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007789534,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01548839,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02186437510615699,"score_gpt":0.346113390324743,"score_spread":0.3242490152185861,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}