{"id":"W4414119555","doi":"10.29173/crossings381","title":"Perceptual Distinction of English /l/ and /ɹ/ by Japanese Native Speakers","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crossings An Undergraduate Arts Journal","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Perception; First language; Second language; Second-language acquisition; Language proficiency; Language acquisition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004912391,0.0001471967,0.0002233054,0.0001797119,0.0005482623,0.0002759623,0.0001726768,0.0001190518,0.000253472],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002005203,0.0001317427,0.00006017481,0.0002045119,0.001082337,0.0001949805,0.00005798142,0.0005153889,0.00000756759],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004902048,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008970094,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001674839,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004066208,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987075,0.0001707807,0.0003263726,0.0002722433,0.000174266,0.0003488929],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989378,0.000121774,0.0001610716,0.0001806452,0.0004300976,0.0001685812],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001880833,0.001840439,0.04084211,0.00009762891,0.0009810155,0.0001235551,0.3808839,0.00001780338,0.06042942,0.01126608,0.4335396,0.06809755],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01139786,0.0029548,0.5309358,0.0003392828,0.0002618428,0.0007019977,0.08328351,0.0005443077,0.005011737,0.06783891,0.2955222,0.001207696],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9549608,0.0005101612,0.0003176279,0.000872463,0.001105988,0.0000810472,0.00001758397,0.00002009364,0.04211419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98557,0.00006702001,0.00006844492,0.0001490724,0.0001596714,0.000003157693,0.000009883662,0.00001419588,0.01395859],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4900937,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.537231,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02186437510615699,"score_gpt":0.346113390324743,"score_spread":0.3242490152185861,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}