{"id":"W4414121674","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlest.2025.100334","title":"Multi-objective Markov-enhanced adaptive whale optimization cybersecurity model for binary and multi-class malware cyberthreat classification","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Electronic Science and Technology","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Malware; Obfuscation; Field (mathematics); Binary number; Binary classification; Volume (thermodynamics)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001416857,0.001124459,0.001346375,0.0007809265,0.0003535127,0.000991495,0.001345718,0.001410598,0.002260095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002568956,0.0005125742,0.0009918143,0.0004549564,0.0007974393,0.000807492,0.0008781499,0.001593028,0.0002000947],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001120762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001155185,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01381696,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008818037,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995041,0.0001644932,0.00002437673,0.0001080185,0.00009120535,0.0001078587],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984511,0.001045114,0.0001884689,0.00003929747,0.0002058555,0.00007009701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002758375,0.00002247566,0.0005686562,0.00001950597,0.00002156555,0.00002462606,0.00001074481,0.9945065,0.0001588601,0.001198582,0.0002058394,0.003234997],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001932305,0.00000686858,0.00006700841,0.000001684031,0.000002602932,0.000001694037,0.00000158254,0.9996345,0.00001948063,0.0002324184,0.00002892412,0.000001250654],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1503274,0.001165658,0.8398368,0.001164961,0.0001485479,0.0001728221,0.0003340377,0.0004241907,0.006425623],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9649866,0.0002814881,0.02914703,0.0002358691,0.00004663513,0.0002408612,0.0002434595,0.00003280299,0.004785364],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01381696,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02747303,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01480275504865034,"score_gpt":0.2868012321361376,"score_spread":0.2719984770874872,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}