{"id":"W4414143493","doi":"10.47577/tssj.v75i1.13153","title":"Doctrinal Legal Research in Common Law: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Technium Social Sciences Journal","topic":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Empirical legal studies; Relevance (law); Interpretation (philosophy); Legal research; Foundation (evidence); Empirical research; Strengths and weaknesses; Legal realism; Legal doctrine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0168118,0.00008530767,0.0001614268,0.00009473444,0.02175533,0.0007733139,0.001231144,0.00007276246,0.00001988918],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001936275,0.00003729302,0.00008228436,0.001911276,0.02228451,0.0002499171,0.0003062188,0.001006244,0.000005391523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001608899,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006977163,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03046349,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04289922,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966806,0.001202107,0.0002540791,0.0001613577,0.001170872,0.0005310494],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984766,0.001176212,0.0000858967,0.00007744326,0.0001487779,0.00003512397],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003014414,0.00001493069,0.002571301,6.057927e-7,0.000008454213,0.000003518789,0.003045659,0.000001638094,0.000006077094,0.9864562,0.002810544,0.00505089],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003039422,0.00002757811,0.01019703,0.00002822726,0.00001174894,0.00001082498,0.02410346,0.000008383422,0.000006657504,0.7181992,0.2470392,0.00006376667],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04667633,0.002386675,0.00002451764,0.2916795,0.0004665987,0.0003836855,0.000001529724,0.00002444712,0.6583567],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967325,0.0006842811,0.00001373295,0.001452703,0.0007107107,0.00002991444,4.773391e-8,0.000001282652,0.0003747724],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9500562,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9803762,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08203748198966203,"score_gpt":0.438017178647538,"score_spread":0.3559796966578759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}