{"id":"W4414146764","doi":"10.1029/2025ef006221","title":"Peak Groundwater: Aquifer‐Scale Limits to Groundwater Withdrawals","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth s Future","topic":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; International Development Research Centre; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","keywords":"Groundwater; Aquifer; Groundwater flow; Groundwater model; Hydrology (agriculture); Sustainable management; Surface water","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002400614,0.0003396189,0.0003471343,0.0001510812,0.0003412467,0.0003441188,0.0005137201,0.0002065954,0.00440773],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001279392,0.000261223,0.0001342494,0.00049736,0.00006956245,0.0003463368,0.00004587689,0.0003182481,0.002181726],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007302983,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006956934,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009713745,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004967298,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979139,0.0000719497,0.0003427484,0.000611638,0.0003436657,0.000716125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989964,0.00003973016,0.00004732468,0.0005419605,0.000080795,0.0002937245],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004010064,0.0002078303,0.810112,0.0002696667,0.0001777263,0.0001179066,0.002628645,0.0004251399,0.004682992,0.0002696108,0.06863744,0.11207],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004055446,0.0001889018,0.4976925,0.00005578175,0.00002772315,0.00003055632,0.0004299999,0.00007386474,0.00747706,0.0005232074,0.4926913,0.0004036108],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9192134,0.0006641911,0.0005222817,0.003656977,0.002245904,0.0003875079,0.00004078686,0.0001898704,0.07307907],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9559207,0.00003724826,0.001034232,0.003394015,0.001156051,0.000007533002,0.0002427447,0.000009429253,0.03819804],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4240538,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999984,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005262135404517718,"score_gpt":0.2026426816875106,"score_spread":0.1973805462829929,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}