{"id":"W4414156814","doi":"10.3386/w34212","title":"International Students, Immigration Policies and Implications for Innovation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Higher Education and Employability","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Università Bocconi","keywords":"Immigration; China; Workforce; Work (physics); Immigration policy; Intersection (aeronautics)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003347618,0.000184036,0.0002619182,0.00200577,0.00313909,0.006501481,0.0004346562,0.001198879,0.007057581],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009387161,0.0001205018,0.000431418,0.004149614,0.002893541,0.003785616,0.003744065,0.002005512,0.0004404757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00574465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01376414,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04301689,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05300393,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979845,0.0005596693,0.0001421444,0.0001597929,0.0004324343,0.0007213789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9934199,0.002802739,0.001244839,0.0002465359,0.001238668,0.001047144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000858948,0.0001890054,0.08191472,0.001448086,0.00004590835,0.000650625,0.01281642,0.00169977,0.0003217702,0.6270753,0.02912262,0.2446299],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002352801,0.0001462483,0.1466818,0.007938107,0.0000885304,0.000523148,0.04621001,0.0007612386,0.0007981459,0.08293612,0.7138267,0.00006649377],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.2886615,0.0741826,0.002201388,0.1328739,0.001932782,0.0001147422,0.0009594278,0.00006395823,0.4990097],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8453323,0.1075345,0.001867742,0.0124204,0.00103408,0.0001653163,0.0005368871,0.00003754943,0.03107125],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04301689,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08553296,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4024814082214079,"score_gpt":0.633751011618521,"score_spread":0.2312696033971131,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}