{"id":"W4414156814","doi":"10.3386/w34212","title":"International Students, Immigration Policies and Implications for Innovation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Higher Education and Employability","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Università Bocconi","keywords":"Immigration; China; Workforce; Work (physics); Immigration policy; Intersection (aeronautics)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007772734,0.0001108051,0.0002260203,0.001216316,0.0004800857,0.0001927628,0.0005532198,0.0002904708,0.0001901487],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004129622,0.0001264027,0.00007213323,0.0004718553,0.000425412,0.0001927381,0.0001146374,0.0002448236,0.000009349294],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002421351,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006992194,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008981641,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002673681,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974748,0.0001684817,0.0006517652,0.0003759742,0.001091788,0.0002371586],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9912242,0.001270011,0.0002853076,0.0001821099,0.006980494,0.00005792315],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001470898,0.00009027684,0.03410249,0.00005844291,0.00008235238,8.802833e-9,0.0007742993,0.000005140771,0.00003591501,0.8098879,0.1497119,0.005236534],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001841482,0.00001955083,0.04168195,0.0000387295,0.000009680043,2.755636e-7,0.0003577116,0.000006250679,0.00001402427,0.3677011,0.5898865,0.0001000208],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01627825,0.0002644719,0.0001231707,0.0602612,0.002138398,0.002064952,0.0006940591,0.00004353859,0.9181319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8772591,0.004524816,0.0009786085,0.0001599929,0.003152047,0.001178323,0.003423276,0.00002864432,0.1092952],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8609808,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986373,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4024814082214079,"score_gpt":0.633751011618521,"score_spread":0.2312696033971131,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}