{"id":"W4414206457","doi":"10.3390/batteries11090340","title":"Sustainable Recovery of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Deep Eutectic Solvents","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Batteries","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Collège Shawinigan; University of Alberta; Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales; University of Calgary; École de Technologie Supérieure; Concordia University","funders":"Concordia University","keywords":"Leaching (pedology); Hazardous waste; Eutectic system; Oxidizing agent; Dissolution; Deep eutectic solvent; Choline chloride; Differential scanning calorimetry; Resource recovery","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001066705,0.0005813529,0.0002335775,0.0002981309,0.00010853,0.0003211783,0.0002652333,0.0002908685,0.0003643892],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001197353,0.0001183591,0.000215287,0.000258931,0.0001248137,0.0004255043,0.0004907762,0.0002615327,0.000362465],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002437206,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002102067,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004373261,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001191738,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999065,0.000009815951,0.00001181066,0.00001581151,0.00003599941,0.0000200069],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999638,0.000003611414,0.00001154183,0.00000335335,0.00001172329,0.000006002442],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002697707,0.000008946896,0.0001469337,0.0001132181,0.000005516888,0.00009154434,0.00001381679,0.0002077247,0.9936193,0.0001270409,0.0000377386,0.005601194],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002336543,0.00005194391,0.000225457,0.000006299888,0.000006597896,0.00008620257,0.00001965193,0.0005667002,0.9969195,0.00004394004,0.002067187,0.000004072381],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9715831,0.006447133,0.01829809,0.0001542137,0.00004026222,0.00003148933,0.0002555673,0.0002203018,0.002969703],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9832453,0.00517967,0.008026578,0.00006457054,0.000009974433,0.00002451794,0.00032354,0.00004144749,0.003084526],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0005813529,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001768351,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01884715055550839,"score_gpt":0.283766971556644,"score_spread":0.2649198210011356,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}