{"id":"W4414206457","doi":"10.3390/batteries11090340","title":"Sustainable Recovery of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Deep Eutectic Solvents","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Batteries","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Collège Shawinigan; University of Alberta; Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales; University of Calgary; École de Technologie Supérieure; Concordia University","funders":"Concordia University","keywords":"Leaching (pedology); Hazardous waste; Eutectic system; Oxidizing agent; Dissolution; Deep eutectic solvent; Choline chloride; Differential scanning calorimetry; Resource recovery","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009057958,0.0001415363,0.0002347174,0.0001374917,0.0001027734,0.0001083944,0.00009305214,0.00007581897,0.0006391811],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001727258,0.0001490712,0.00005940139,0.00019088,0.00008985074,0.0006111024,0.00004400796,0.00009835966,0.00002007325],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006436877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003975007,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000109944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003265841,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991454,0.00003271171,0.0003277029,0.0001579231,0.0001262586,0.0002100112],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994769,0.0001586779,0.00003692044,0.0001710635,0.0001206127,0.00003584065],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005841422,0.0006905319,0.006482753,0.01099962,0.001163208,0.0001366008,0.007796506,0.0421437,0.8800178,0.02360039,0.01921253,0.007172286],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005073302,0.00008709222,0.00601432,0.0003096804,0.0002364683,0.00001313434,0.007464713,0.007610479,0.8995703,0.01757214,0.06005176,0.0005625715],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.831522,0.001730274,0.1542015,0.0007082649,0.001619599,0.0001924007,0.00002972405,0.0002561321,0.009740076],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951934,0.00006706714,0.001622408,0.0001949015,0.00005833379,0.00001671565,0.00001553739,0.00001805113,0.002813588],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1636714,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6998585,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01884715055550839,"score_gpt":0.283766971556644,"score_spread":0.2649198210011356,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}