{"id":"W4414217072","doi":"10.1017/s1049096525100929","title":"Conflating Lobbying and PACs: The Surprisingly Low Overlap in Organizational Lobbying and Campaign Expenditures","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PS Political Science & Politics","topic":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Politics; Political action; Action (physics); Campaign finance; Perception; Affirmative action","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004241221,0.0001310878,0.0003935116,0.004318652,0.0008755107,0.003066615,0.000469362,0.0005130999,0.005763347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03332458,0.0001656728,0.000174766,0.005615511,0.00141394,0.001941562,0.00321462,0.0009743381,0.0007347847],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009227396,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009467788,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00607139,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009092673,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939791,0.002073827,0.0005247536,0.0007734766,0.00169462,0.0009541865],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9295167,0.03269091,0.02503403,0.004276863,0.005019523,0.0034618],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008129624,0.00004147971,0.9748845,0.00004970544,0.00004112638,0.00005629658,0.002179191,0.0001112805,0.0003742681,0.00209794,0.0009465358,0.01913639],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001373354,0.00001570616,0.9928997,0.00004044081,0.00001093813,0.00005929422,0.003313184,0.0001717775,0.0001400062,0.0005412456,0.002801415,0.000004967514],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9803413,0.000491015,0.0005860825,0.0005524273,0.00001648285,0.00001520153,0.0004635989,0.0000156866,0.01751822],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988305,0.00008154377,0.00009297008,0.00002959709,0.00002540401,0.00001326892,0.0003470753,0.000007041815,0.0005725626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00607139,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02242994,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01411614345781427,"score_gpt":0.2679871400760688,"score_spread":0.2538709966182545,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}