{"id":"W4414227600","doi":"10.1177/21533687251377225","title":"Racism, Colorblindness, and Police Culture in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Race and Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Alberta; Canadian Federation of University Women","keywords":"Racism; Police brutality; Community policing; Blame; Police science; Refugee; Indigenous; Institutional racism; Race (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00167332,0.0002518429,0.0003651833,0.001841359,0.01835357,0.003360605,0.0009354589,0.0004151163,0.002648859],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004456371,0.0003243508,0.0002773571,0.00299691,0.005341338,0.0007240264,0.002728699,0.001186281,0.00008533755],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.07482545,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1153223,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9961507,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9982731,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977385,0.0003539503,0.00005413828,0.0001770713,0.0008494357,0.0008269222],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955511,0.000461814,0.0005986794,0.00010881,0.001773422,0.001506192],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001935072,0.0002087717,0.6292885,0.0001837822,0.00008722143,0.000592363,0.2965492,0.0002634934,0.001133646,0.007146048,0.006620886,0.0577326],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001171714,0.00005290993,0.6904022,0.0002512522,0.00003608068,0.0001264095,0.2908072,0.0002640861,0.0002234067,0.0005846648,0.0171803,0.00005976117],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885811,0.00070679,0.00006912256,0.001642796,0.00002822021,0.00002584651,0.00009099195,0.000004992321,0.008850155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977726,0.0005376741,0.00009329256,0.0002132259,0.000003956248,0.000009068594,0.00004376873,0.000004236137,0.001322149],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07482545,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5428992,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02006513796126989,"score_gpt":0.3538259138073274,"score_spread":0.3337607758460575,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}