{"id":"W4414227600","doi":"10.1177/21533687251377225","title":"Racism, Colorblindness, and Police Culture in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Race and Justice","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; University of Alberta; Canadian Federation of University Women","keywords":"Racism; Police brutality; Community policing; Blame; Police science; Refugee; Indigenous; Institutional racism; Race (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000181345,0.00004504115,0.00007814167,0.0000319182,0.0003549418,0.00005117009,0.00005337152,0.00004698615,0.00003009927],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001118607,0.00004278517,0.000005568177,0.0002229547,0.00005804937,0.0001476941,0.00002441179,0.0001108945,0.00000224803],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008741517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006576088,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.996121,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9992522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995322,0.00006828977,0.00007058362,0.00009945589,0.00007622699,0.0001531922],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996199,0.0002188254,0.00002450677,0.00004922742,0.00002517336,0.00006235112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001215088,0.0001207156,0.1236934,0.0004441715,0.00005218674,0.00001735995,0.5894391,0.0001335909,0.0004045245,0.09616788,0.1420983,0.04730725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002844721,0.000008806743,0.1153982,0.00004845158,0.00009286025,0.000001586852,0.1699646,0.0001845809,0.000004165394,0.0001981754,0.7137054,0.0001087651],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9292027,0.0004408449,0.00001352987,0.007996394,0.0002567139,0.00008965247,0.000008272759,0.00001071315,0.06198115],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.98626,0.003091826,0.00006396691,0.002259568,0.00009709246,0.000003895037,0.000001055848,0.00000177715,0.008220837],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5716071,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2729962,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02006513796126989,"score_gpt":0.3538259138073274,"score_spread":0.3337607758460575,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}