{"id":"W4414227806","doi":"10.1177/13621718251376850","title":"Direct energy deposition via arc manufacturing using ultra-low heat input gas metal arc welding","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Technology of Welding & Joining","topic":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Gas metal arc welding; Welding; Heat-affected zone; Shielding gas; Carbon arc welding; Arc welding; Microstructure; Gas tungsten arc welding; Submerged arc welding","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001716956,0.0002212775,0.0002577935,0.0002727024,0.0001413477,0.0005089704,0.0005020821,0.0003739323,0.001254663],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002623281,0.0002493478,0.0002474789,0.0003444807,0.0002340568,0.0003180687,0.0004360907,0.0003043912,0.0004549998],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002502884,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000160844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002399562,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006602993,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999691,0.00001536014,0.00001497153,0.00005654165,0.0001874143,0.00003468341],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998032,0.0000297872,0.00005708899,0.0000528948,0.00004215754,0.00001475776],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002965533,0.000008873806,0.0001329522,0.00009181719,0.000004205812,0.0000707604,0.00003222893,0.0002948718,0.9951448,0.0001970807,0.00004337492,0.003949407],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003784653,0.00009672256,0.0009763744,0.000004485806,0.000006507001,0.0001308652,0.00001018421,0.0007970964,0.9962857,0.00002459692,0.001658912,0.000004691879],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9749668,0.001102384,0.01724843,0.00004206825,0.00005481504,0.00004251392,0.0001198063,0.0003192911,0.00610388],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9787703,0.0004526084,0.01717215,0.00001439193,0.000006561016,0.00001920284,0.00007154691,0.00005056452,0.003442805],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001254663,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00419724,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006860849230512175,"score_gpt":0.2152191159829131,"score_spread":0.2083582667524009,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}