{"id":"W4414229660","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-10359-0","title":"Evidence of the pair instability gap in the distribution of black hole masses","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Nature","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Toronto; California Institute of Technology; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Connaught Fund; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Binary black hole; Binary number; Mass distribution; Gravitational wave; Distribution (mathematics); Black hole (networking); Cutoff; Spin (aerodynamics); Instability","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001259126,0.0001850492,0.000565217,0.001856034,0.0005580923,0.001209404,0.0006774692,0.00092667,0.003298582],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008844852,0.000293419,0.0001826236,0.001110083,0.001404793,0.001394654,0.001241063,0.0008013521,0.0004453804],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001806179,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001388207,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002386138,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001336715,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994899,0.0001453908,0.0000243761,0.0001587746,0.0001044534,0.00007701539],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9914863,0.004944326,0.001290997,0.001160422,0.0005537556,0.0005642659],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005497238,0.0004483787,0.7154786,0.0002508594,0.0002845511,0.001358085,0.002818295,0.004151469,0.1538868,0.06114116,0.002652241,0.05203231],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003204739,0.0005021013,0.8521274,0.00004727782,0.0000776931,0.002860198,0.001160083,0.0246998,0.01813184,0.09822209,0.001787398,0.00006366552],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963702,0.0001626378,0.001534897,0.0001334262,0.000009714525,0.000002456493,0.0001078745,0.00003751777,0.001641224],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996949,0.00001710641,0.0001411376,0.00001609969,0.00001170033,0.00000183949,0.00005110744,0.000005356001,0.00006078624],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003298582,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01103485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02991974724165377,"score_gpt":0.3766342428118093,"score_spread":0.3467144955701556,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}