{"id":"W4414259554","doi":"10.52609/jmlph.v5i3.216","title":"White Coat Oversight of Black-Box Algorithms: Ethical Challenges in the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Medicine Law & Public Health","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Health care; Equity (law); Healthcare system; Ethical issues; White paper; Applications of artificial intelligence; Patient care; Big data","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0154996,0.0001529029,0.000750283,0.0004708469,0.00009518673,0.000005711093,0.0004615049,0.0002377948,0.00002317419],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001160083,0.00008713306,0.00007846915,0.001261332,0.0007821285,0.0001011614,0.0000330754,0.001590381,0.000001951323],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003164724,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002146986,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008981111,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006429803,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947658,0.001411523,0.00237374,0.0001802532,0.0008606332,0.0004080057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958216,0.001741328,0.0009880558,0.0004852221,0.0007727369,0.0001910736],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00067344,0.0007570336,0.006813032,0.00164568,0.00004281207,0.000007306127,0.06483425,0.00008054236,0.00010765,0.3667024,0.001220385,0.5571154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001515872,0.01383278,0.08055914,0.01203623,0.0002889483,0.0005513518,0.556859,0.01207669,0.002949821,0.276035,0.04276111,0.0005340691],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05255418,0.007429328,0.01041097,0.9276389,0.0004197084,0.0008119218,0.00000265552,0.000006589501,0.0007257438],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9746611,0.010365,0.0002964809,0.01421048,0.0004333089,0.000009901247,0.000005828665,0.00000936977,0.000008592159],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9221069,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9976181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.245669276405882,"score_gpt":0.4689414795714837,"score_spread":0.2232722031656017,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}