{"id":"W4414272694","doi":"10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00270-4","title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"The Lancet Neurology","topic":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","field":"Medicine","cited_by":299,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Nova Scotia Health Authority; Ottawa Hospital; University of Toronto; Dalhousie University; University of Ottawa; St. Michael's Hospital","funders":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Chugai Pharmaceutical; Novartis Pharma; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Pfizer Foundation; EMD Serono; National Institutes of Health; MedDay Pharmaceuticals; National Health and Medical Research Council; Neuraxpharm; Ipsen; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Shionogi; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Sanofi Genzyme; Novo Nordisk; Samsung; Eisai; University of Toronto; Ministero della Salute; IXICO; BMA Foundation for Medical Research; Dalhousie University; Fondazione Cariplo; ZonMw; University of Sydney; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Multiple Sclerosis International Federation; Public Health Agency; Multiple Sclerosis Australia; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals; H. Lundbeck A/S; Rosetrees Trust; Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale; Bayer HealthCare; University College London; Schweizerische Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft; Multiple Sclerosis Society; Fondation pour l'Aide à la Recherche sur la Sclérose en Plaques; Prothena; Argenx; Fondation Charcot; Celltrion; CVS Health; Mylan; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada; Race to Erase MS; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Arthritis Society; Medical Research Council; Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute; Hope Foundation; Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; Myelin Repair Foundation; Amgen; Public Health Agency of Canada; Genentech; AstraZeneca; European Commission; American Academy of Neurology; Fondation Brain Canada; European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; University of Pennsylvania; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; Crohn's and Colitis Canada; BioCryst; Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla; Celgene; Moderna; Pfizer; Biogen; Allergan; F. Hoffmann-La Roche; Sanofi; TG Therapeutics; Eli Lilly and Company; Regione Toscana; Petre Foundation; U.S. Department of Defense; Horizon Therapeutics; Amicus Therapeutics; Multiple Sclerosis Scientific Research Foundation; National Multiple Sclerosis Society; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; GlaxoSmithKline; National Research Foundation; National Institute for Health and Care Research; CSL Behring; Royal Australasian College of Physicians; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Multiple sclerosis; McDonald criteria; Clinically isolated syndrome; Clinical Practice; Disease","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007831725,0.0003641838,0.003378556,0.0001806003,0.0001312443,0.000008374163,0.001151777,0.000264746,0.000333523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006019925,0.000171419,0.0008648949,0.0007917426,0.0007542243,0.00001875404,0.001238298,0.001157096,0.00001998988],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002270895,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002753388,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006656877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003658911,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964477,0.001297616,0.0008980592,0.0004489493,0.0004312401,0.0004764389],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9920233,0.005382201,0.0005059519,0.001827206,0.0001996531,0.00006163765],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002341309,0.0002668544,0.003405181,0.06217867,0.0009138185,0.000008267428,0.0001098659,0.000001506821,0.00007867837,0.0001240937,0.2147875,0.7178915],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006521765,0.0001794708,0.01459055,0.02368311,0.001140322,0.00001405924,0.000005151839,0.00001092828,0.00003075823,0.0000238232,0.9595603,0.0001093074],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002754392,0.9856425,0.000001202642,0.009518288,0.0006809565,0.001942698,0.0005584778,0.00002572474,0.001354745],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001551743,0.9956403,0.00004340932,0.001160046,0.0004481926,0.0006415492,0.00001684886,0.00003631411,0.0004615323],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7447729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7206847,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2208449807783524,"score_gpt":0.4121568754277373,"score_spread":0.1913118946493848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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