{"id":"W4414307636","doi":"10.64628/aam.nrwy347ue","title":"To close its productivity gap, Canada needs to rethink its higher education system","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Higher Education Governance and Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University; University of Alberta; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Productivity; Higher education; Production (economics); Government (linguistics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01495927,0.0006833754,0.00100799,0.003918816,0.01309695,0.01842671,0.005578846,0.007922433,0.02270419],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03617409,0.0005723924,0.001449869,0.004072818,0.006874064,0.00468236,0.005979579,0.0112295,0.00339517],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.1458979,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.5115747,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9747422,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9805335,"domain_scores_codex":[0.978953,0.002082481,0.0004525073,0.001054133,0.009315475,0.008142387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.893689,0.006353881,0.001460158,0.002936975,0.04511197,0.05044807],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001077375,0.0003209183,0.01939956,0.0002501147,0.0001097476,0.0002218664,0.001460494,0.002300314,0.001084388,0.1341981,0.7272326,0.1133142],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001157413,0.0001554926,0.03520922,0.0003851129,0.00004755526,0.0000528325,0.003891063,0.001941781,0.000589311,0.01591853,0.9414929,0.0002004002],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.02737855,0.001751055,0.005424164,0.8802468,0.005746992,0.0003057429,0.001425328,0.001038705,0.07668274],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3699928,0.003003634,0.02644855,0.3528143,0.00166044,0.0003620735,0.002435251,0.0006165049,0.2426665],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9869031,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9906374,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01950977917038829,"score_gpt":0.3144516837801338,"score_spread":0.2949419046097456,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}