{"id":"W4414393572","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c06615","title":"Artificial Laterite from Acid Leaching of Ultramafic Rocks: Mobilization, Enrichment, and Extraction of Critical Metals","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Mine drainage and remediation techniques","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy; Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering; Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment","keywords":"Laterite; Leaching (pedology); Ultramafic rock; Ferrihydrite; Nickel; Sulfuric acid; Aqua regia; Weathering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001163349,0.0002666708,0.0001763909,0.0001590978,0.0001323027,0.0002399107,0.0002010935,0.0002346447,0.0004232016],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001106514,0.00009396168,0.0001499568,0.0001388938,0.0001859364,0.000195861,0.0002730594,0.0003076369,0.0001716948],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001383828,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001796341,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004898543,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00162736,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998744,0.00001221368,0.000008894213,0.00002244452,0.00005902865,0.00002299057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999548,0.000005440826,0.00001533641,0.000006275529,0.000009797028,0.00000829233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004133018,0.00001202366,0.0003192708,0.00005046239,0.000004967286,0.00005735834,0.0000139105,0.0001117928,0.9974743,0.00006763062,0.00002058789,0.001826358],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004049469,0.0000492715,0.001127795,0.000003416713,0.000004760858,0.00008935814,0.0000157833,0.0004487396,0.9967235,0.00002888027,0.001501633,0.00000286265],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9931099,0.0006161559,0.004602822,0.00004839836,0.0000100353,0.00002101158,0.0001154416,0.00003958026,0.00143663],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9922284,0.0005495281,0.004988236,0.00002891487,0.000006326561,0.00001810905,0.0002172014,0.00002016457,0.001943209],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0004898543,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00141573,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005692405890350602,"score_gpt":0.2620142975066668,"score_spread":0.2563218916163162,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}