{"id":"W4414397745","doi":"10.1101/2025.09.21.25335559","title":"Effectiveness of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Protocols on Drug Craving and Consumption/Relapse in Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 208 Clinical Trials and 36 Protocols","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"medRxiv","topic":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","funders":"","keywords":"Craving; Clinical trial; Brain stimulation; Randomized controlled trial; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Protocol (science); Stimulation","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02516999,0.0004263623,0.006223292,0.0009148737,0.0000688881,0.0001198367,0.0003499878,0.0002437736,0.00003157511],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06300328,0.0003254131,0.0006903409,0.001052601,0.0004117718,0.0002003001,0.0003621226,0.0006505596,7.981649e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000509762,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000156377,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006577055,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001682136,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9716112,0.02300464,0.003131714,0.001263223,0.0007511141,0.0002381406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9482651,0.04812745,0.002216436,0.0009766524,0.000301088,0.0001133224],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000936193,0.0005235823,0.225122,0.7570943,0.008727711,0.00001157305,0.0004388459,0.004830598,0.001734709,0.0005242153,0.000006407445,0.0000498617],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006499937,0.0006150788,0.6384847,0.166318,0.153995,0.000004314267,0.00003107388,0.02410484,0.007208042,0.001668207,0.000003881066,0.001066853],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5553364,0.002078273,0.0008222215,0.0003436533,0.00002105412,0.440938,0.0004206857,0.00002879447,0.00001089586],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7269067,0.0007537801,0.0002991431,0.0001101241,0.000004741498,0.2717571,0.00001508881,0.0000274382,0.0001258893],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5907763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3844307878088715,"score_gpt":0.5231123251820423,"score_spread":0.1386815373731708,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}