{"id":"W4414425742","doi":"10.1056/evidstat2500246","title":"How Propensity Scores Work","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"NEJM Evidence","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Sinai Health System; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000585459,0.0006194076,0.002220934,0.000208265,0.0001060967,0.000228807,0.00110991,0.0004551055,0.00003978039],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01023736,0.0004619175,0.0004329414,0.000905654,0.0001550221,0.0005052715,0.0005810374,0.0008658611,0.00007058921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002561226,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005530981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005313752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009881841,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975389,0.000313295,0.0005774092,0.0007139554,0.0004272177,0.0004292784],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9937306,0.003915385,0.0006030804,0.001435054,0.0002178053,0.00009806842],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003243492,0.00002032076,0.000007212458,0.045856,0.00003544878,0.00003028051,0.00001479759,1.606368e-8,3.268147e-7,0.01456557,0.01360187,0.9258649],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001731218,0.00003422726,0.000001103418,0.2689274,0.0004617951,0.00001334891,0.00000250735,1.425166e-7,0.00001882068,0.04714351,0.6829357,0.0004441717],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[5.764559e-7,0.9820803,0.01398392,0.0001466782,0.0002026936,0.001927008,0.000008954928,0.0007210649,0.0009287884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000005257636,0.9551722,0.03408577,0.00005035596,0.000147718,0.0004894153,0.000005625955,0.00005829491,0.009985371],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9254208,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997833,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5882542406166034,"score_gpt":0.5149152834846253,"score_spread":0.07333895713197802,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}