{"id":"W4414425742","doi":"10.1056/evidstat2500246","title":"How Propensity Scores Work","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"NEJM Evidence","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Sinai Health System; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02485835,0.001383824,0.00437285,0.003805579,0.0004965511,0.004494271,0.00178289,0.003072022,0.01804277],"category_scores_gemma":[0.08570211,0.0009337176,0.002610546,0.004408143,0.002876241,0.005278164,0.001987501,0.006892539,0.002459164],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001497594,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005554996,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003110927,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004525651,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9806769,0.01504737,0.001345017,0.001080681,0.001618242,0.0002318194],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9579585,0.03729617,0.001710426,0.001363642,0.001468547,0.000202671],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003133313,0.00005848596,0.0007585181,0.0378809,0.004136021,0.00008451659,0.0002134261,0.002776789,0.00007843194,0.1761114,0.03487755,0.7427106],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009234379,0.0001891362,0.001578958,0.05018492,0.005250142,0.0003575789,0.0001591738,0.002719298,0.0002256325,0.7149137,0.2234118,0.000086238],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0007941226,0.9351416,0.02555821,0.02596891,0.001534915,0.0001396491,0.0006910702,0.000106583,0.01006491],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.04367724,0.9055391,0.02453058,0.01661843,0.004614603,0.0006721579,0.0005286681,0.0001181199,0.003701056],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9751416,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1314651,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5882542406166034,"score_gpt":0.5149152834846253,"score_spread":0.07333895713197802,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}