{"id":"W4414478931","doi":"10.22323/1.501.0376","title":"Spectrum of PeV Cosmic-Ray Protons and Helium Nuclei with IceCube","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Polar Programs; College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics; Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University; RWTH Aachen University; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Chiba University; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Villum Fonden; National Research Foundation of Korea; Marsden Fund; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Michigan State University; National Research Foundation; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure; European Commission; Western Canada Research Grid; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Polarforskningssekretariatet; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Nvidia; Marquette University","keywords":"Cosmic ray; Muon; Observatory; Range (aeronautics); Helium; Energy spectrum; Pierre Auger Observatory; Detector; Telescope","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002866438,0.0003139165,0.0002151126,0.0007691042,0.0002945881,0.0005969754,0.0002470453,0.0002330238,0.002810899],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004324313,0.0001537873,0.0003016361,0.001256215,0.0002129188,0.000363726,0.0004311874,0.0002749685,0.0006772585],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003888189,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002186807,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004141427,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006262058,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998272,0.00002231665,0.000004109475,0.00005570196,0.00006532683,0.00002548359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998337,0.00002782083,0.00001833766,0.00004846595,0.00004823457,0.00002331066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00511712,0.000374397,0.3749652,0.0002844284,0.0007040665,0.001848124,0.001072041,0.09471919,0.3319266,0.009166176,0.02231835,0.1575043],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000168066,0.000301352,0.6991087,0.00007205993,0.0001300784,0.001313751,0.0004115988,0.1136375,0.1394481,0.003774257,0.04157122,0.00006340161],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9338123,0.0002968832,0.01532965,0.0001086515,0.00004688879,0.00005610473,0.01513069,0.0008345192,0.03438425],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9494517,0.0002172464,0.02289969,0.00006920244,0.0000242314,0.00006198063,0.02413847,0.0004511052,0.002686385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004141427,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009403408,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00338307628528742,"score_gpt":0.2001284470401122,"score_spread":0.1967453707548248,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}