{"id":"W4414528238","doi":"10.24928/2025/0137","title":"Perceptions of Robotic Inspections for Confined Spaces in Lean Construction: a Qualitative Study","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction","topic":"BIM and Construction Integration","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Government of Canada","keywords":"Qualitative research; Perception; Qualitative analysis; Perspective (graphical); Process (computing)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002571149,0.0001741906,0.0002873388,0.000407981,0.0001224459,0.00004200837,0.0002928194,0.0001017275,0.00006810886],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001799622,0.0001606403,0.0001756556,0.0003749727,0.000435409,0.0002988297,0.00003458792,0.0001734505,9.456339e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001405822,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001099307,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001579087,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001067593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998739,0.00004325705,0.0006463736,0.000229424,0.0001992847,0.0001426346],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984339,0.0002218738,0.0002110684,0.0001904518,0.0009186287,0.00002403536],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002595217,0.0002140352,0.01393483,0.0001488809,0.0004659914,1.366051e-7,0.01516277,0.00462814,0.007017601,0.9382049,0.0005016734,0.0194615],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00564306,0.0007061905,0.01737679,0.0006255854,0.0003339513,0.00005482626,0.761743,0.03834426,0.01148041,0.1609962,0.002074586,0.0006211537],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8690319,0.00002443874,0.1231451,0.0005233684,0.003580507,0.001097229,0.0002940505,0.00007639073,0.002227021],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957832,0.00001224673,0.003539333,0.00001443722,0.00007394437,0.00021533,0.00003945715,0.00001235136,0.0003096793],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7772087,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6550723,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02037640510702035,"score_gpt":0.2946347044283448,"score_spread":0.2742582993213244,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}