{"id":"W4414563984","doi":"10.1101/2025.09.17.676398","title":"Model-based and model-free valuation signals in the human brain vary markedly in their relationship to individual differences in human behavioral control","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","topic":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","funders":"","keywords":"Reinforcement; Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; Action selection; Prefrontal cortex; Reinforcement learning; Ventral striatum; Mean squared prediction error; Neural activity; Valuation (finance)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004420222,0.0004145318,0.000483315,0.001279183,0.0002505863,0.0005574088,0.002203604,0.0002997136,0.000002045409],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003666692,0.0003780137,0.0000738413,0.001410272,0.0001209606,0.0004663545,0.0008784333,0.0008912706,0.000001069343],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002031743,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007812831,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002019594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000368072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963015,0.0007658858,0.000684543,0.001132094,0.0005937542,0.0005222689],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978433,0.0004915704,0.0002371805,0.001108406,0.0002069248,0.0001126154],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004006442,0.0009300301,0.7836332,0.0002558597,0.00003453309,0.00005755864,0.002604149,0.08303853,0.1000833,0.02909483,0.0001397282,0.00008826603],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008152822,0.00004289479,0.6313407,0.0004471322,0.00001529663,4.089112e-9,0.0000152146,0.3649091,0.0005317042,0.001531646,0.000001460291,0.0003496229],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8265811,0.00008557636,0.1704583,0.001340978,0.00008105655,0.001253658,0.0001109768,0.00007188257,0.00001642253],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9940929,0.000002967383,0.004105583,0.001161234,0.00003065612,0.0005884978,7.449385e-7,0.00001461492,0.000002842556],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2818705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998672,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07718941643741878,"score_gpt":0.289545587664392,"score_spread":0.2123561712269732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}