{"id":"W4414568898","doi":"10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.09.024","title":"Implementing Digital Twin for Maintenance 4.0 in SMEs: A Framework for Affordable and Secure Solutions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IFAC-PapersOnLine","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Cloud computing; Key (lock); Industry 4.0; Predictive maintenance; Maintenance engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001465403,0.0001630971,0.0001849753,0.0001184525,0.0001115473,0.0001425308,0.0001117658,0.0001373454,0.00001304288],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001487494,0.0001702121,0.00007143591,0.0002490699,0.00003313362,0.0004712061,0.00003139207,0.0001810535,0.000002328327],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008131243,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003305634,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003651058,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005784228,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988873,0.000002832436,0.0003155289,0.0001733179,0.00006830187,0.0005526899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995049,0.0002506814,0.00002628855,0.0001250231,0.0000438356,0.00004931747],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002897278,0.0004832612,0.009006292,0.006284856,0.0007460132,0.000009991245,0.005980348,0.03423185,0.001808839,0.5898259,0.004527812,0.3468051],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008018445,0.000270817,0.00146213,0.003067578,0.0001243187,0.0000225393,0.02029831,0.4840365,0.001865418,0.1171002,0.3620067,0.001727029],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05998459,0.0005544863,0.9153082,0.002244129,0.0005201479,0.001554182,0.002232082,0.0004168623,0.01718526],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6296534,0.00004662166,0.3678031,0.0002590367,0.0001505508,0.0005183722,0.0002734689,0.00005464908,0.001240839],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5696688,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6941049,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01658025434811144,"score_gpt":0.2680657994305838,"score_spread":0.2514855450824723,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}