{"id":"W4414596325","doi":"10.1080/07352166.2025.2551633","title":"Anti-black rental housing discrimination in the multicultural city? A field experiment in Toronto, Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Urban Affairs","topic":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Rental housing; Multiculturalism; Field (mathematics); Renting; Immigration; Housing discrimination","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008334501,0.00006250937,0.000131232,0.0001071739,0.0001633184,0.0001383639,0.0002950415,0.00004324759,0.0001191515],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005095472,0.00004492777,0.00005512842,0.0002487586,0.00008205483,0.0004166093,0.00003055393,0.0001818464,3.691992e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001477433,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000570951,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6959628,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9802124,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998509,0.0002544914,0.0003080272,0.0000824404,0.0006476483,0.0001983993],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994828,0.0001672092,0.0001136881,0.0000668128,0.000121492,0.00004806945],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001770487,0.001146413,0.4453911,0.0001175364,0.00005929157,0.000349192,0.2772642,0.000130886,0.001228844,0.02803259,0.2389484,0.007154605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008692425,0.00005559357,0.1842183,0.0001591964,0.00001449235,0.000001824631,0.8093303,0.0001257619,0.0005260259,0.0002574942,0.004332243,0.0001095925],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9253084,0.0008508005,0.00002492628,0.01030484,0.0006241644,0.000191287,0.00000118439,0.000003279176,0.06269111],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988287,0.0001372254,0.00004057425,0.0001515476,0.0001226423,0.000002614702,8.240191e-7,0.000002062783,0.0007137905],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5320661,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3863436,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0236875965203969,"score_gpt":0.348873721718533,"score_spread":0.3251861251981361,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}