{"id":"W4414602882","doi":"10.1186/s13054-025-05663-6","title":"Observational studies of early versus late salvage therapies in critical care exhibit intrinsic selection bias: two meta-analyses","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Critical Care","topic":"Acute Kidney Injury Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Observational study; Selection (genetic algorithm); Randomized controlled trial; Salvage therapy; Selection bias; MEDLINE","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","metaepi_broad"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.09929676,0.003927262,0.0121912,0.004474035,0.0008644863,0.005219153,0.003153414,0.003743898,0.002694748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1747361,0.002232854,0.07030889,0.005176709,0.001373422,0.002236506,0.002185811,0.003192345,0.0003204861],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002542337,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002259351,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004231049,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005217395,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9033245,0.07137738,0.01452036,0.005568251,0.004218891,0.0009907051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7134855,0.2440331,0.02245435,0.01322427,0.00588148,0.0009212425],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"meta_analysis","study_design_gemma":"meta_analysis","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005778175,0.0000355007,0.01547721,0.02546756,0.9454494,0.0001241622,0.00006418354,0.001367209,0.0001873992,0.0002922917,0.0003975247,0.005359472],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001519272,0.0002458635,0.00790708,0.00311579,0.9841986,0.00009836719,0.00003549442,0.0008302543,0.0001781436,0.001042657,0.0007946469,0.00003372635],"study_design_candidate":"meta_analysis","study_design_consensus":"meta_analysis","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05819196,0.9190248,0.01498337,0.001862586,0.001049193,0.001203336,0.001962098,0.0001786479,0.001543976],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8482317,0.1239932,0.01687938,0.003921919,0.00106812,0.002738317,0.002340946,0.0001639088,0.0006625103],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9960727,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5251378,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5937039359900907,"score_gpt":0.574200152543524,"score_spread":0.01950378344656678,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}